Musculoskeletal Issues in Pediatric Burn Patients

William A. Phillips

doi:10.1055/s-0044-1782651

Seminars in Plastic Surgery, Table of Contents

Semin Plast Surg 2024; 38(02): 154-156
DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1782651

Review Article

Musculoskeletal Issues in Pediatric Burn Patients

William A. Phillips

¹Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, University of Texas Medical Branch, Shriners Children's Texas, Galveston, Texas

› Author Affiliations

Abstract

A burn injury affects virtually every organ system. The purpose of this article is to review musculoskeletal issues in children with burn injuries. Both acute and long-term problems will be discussed. A low threshold to consult a pediatric orthopaedist is recommended.

Keywords

burn - musculoskeletal - child

Full Text

References

References
1 AlQahtani SM, Alzahrani MM, Carli A, Harvey EJ. Burn management in orthopaedic trauma: a critical analysis review. JBJS Rev 2014; 2 (10) 01874474 -201410000-00001
2 Livingston KS, Glotzbecker MP, Shore BJ. Pediatric acute compartment syndrome. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2017; 25 (05) 358-364
3 Butts CC, Holmes JH, Carter JE. Surgical escharotomy and decompressive therapies in burns. J Burn Care Res 2020; 41 (02) 263-269
4 Burd A, Noronha FV, Ahmed K. et al. Decompression not escharotomy in acute burns. Burns 2006; 32 (03) 284-292
5 Brown RL, Greenhalgh DG, Kagan RJ, Warden GD. The adequacy of limb escharotomies-fasciotomies after referral to a major burn center. J Trauma 1994; 37 (06) 916-920
6 Lin JS, Samora JB. Pediatric acute compartment syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Pediatr Orthop B 2020; 29 (01) 90-96
7 Krasnoff CC, Grigorian A, Chin T. et al. Pediatric burn-trauma patients have increased length of stay compared to trauma-only patients: a propensity matched analysis. Burns 2021; 47 (01) 78-83
8 Degraw M, Hicks RA, Lindberg D. Using Liver Transaminases to Recognize Abuse (ULTRA) Study Investigators. Incidence of fractures among children with burns with concern regarding abuse. Pediatrics 2010; 125 (02) e295-e299
9 Collier ZJ, Ramaiah V, Glick JC, Gottlieb LJA. A 6-year case-control study of the presentation and clinical sequelae for noninflicted, negligent, and inflicted pediatric burns. J Burn Care Res 2017; 38 (01) e101-e124
10 English C, Carmichael KD. Management of fractures in children with thermal injuries. J Pediatr Orthop 2002; 22 (06) 725-728
11 Dossett AB, Hunt JL, Purdue GF, Schlegel JD. Early orthopedic intervention in burn patients with major fractures. J Trauma 1991; 31 (07) 888-892 , discussion 892–893
12 Rosenkranz KM, Sheridan R. Management of the burned trauma patient: balancing conflicting priorities. Burns 2002; 28 (07) 665-669
13 Bradshaw L, Wasiak J, Cleland H. Is operative management of fractures safe in the collocated burn and fracture injury?. Injury 2015; 46 (06) 1145-1149
14 Carmichael K, Torres D, Jimenez CJ, Comley MC, Evans EB. Spanning external fixation for the treatment of open joint injuries in pediatric burn patients. Cureus 2018; 10 (04) e2484
15 Jang KU, Joo SY, Jo JH, Seo CH. Burn and amputations: a retrospective analysis 379 amputation out of 19,958 burns in 10-year. Int J Phys Med Rehabil 2018; 6: 462
16 Tapking C, Hundeshagen G, Popp D. et al. The frequency and reason for amputations in electrically burned pediatric patients. J Burn Care Res 2019; 40 (01) 107-111
17 Fergason JR, Blanck R. Prosthetic management of the burn amputation. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 2011; 22 (02) 277-299 , vi
18 Parry IS, Mooney KN, Chau C. et al. Effects of skin grafting on successful prosthetic use in children with lower extremity amputation. J Burn Care Res 2008; 29 (06) 949-954
19 Louer Jr CR, Scott-Wyard P, Hernandez R, Vergun AD. Principles of amputation surgery, prosthetics, and rehabilitation in children. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2021; 29 (14) e702-e713
20 Klimisch J, Carmichael KD, Muradov P, Evans EB. Prevalence of stump overgrowth in pediatric burn patient amputations. J Pediatr Orthop 2011; 31 (02) 216-219
21 Thomas CR, Brazeal BA, Rosenberg L, Robert RS, Blakeney PE, Meyer WJ. Phantom limb pain in pediatric burn survivors. Burns 2003; 29 (02) 139-142
22 Valerio IL, Dumanian GA, Jordan SW. et al. Preemptive treatment of phantom and residual limb pain with targeted muscle reinnervation at the time of major limb amputation. J Am Coll Surg 2019; 228 (03) 217-226
23 Vial B, Lieb M, Pysick H, Hettinger P, Rusy L, Hoben G. Challenges and potential in targeted muscle reinnervation in pediatric amputees. Pediatrics 2022; 149 (01) e2021051010
24 Jahmani R, Robbins C, Paley D. Iliac crest apophysis transfer to treat stump overgrowth after limb amputation in children: case series and literature review. Int Orthop 2019; 43 (11) 2601-2605
25 Goverman J, Mathews K, Goldstein R. et al. Pediatric contractures in burn injury: a burn model system national database study. J Burn Care Res 2017; 38 (01) e192-e199
26 Moulton DL, Yngve DA, Evans EB. Spinal deformities in pediatric burn patients. Spine Deform 2016; 4 (02) 149-155
27 Carmichael KD, Maxwell SC, Calhoun JH. Recurrence rates of burn contracture ankle equinus and other foot deformities in children treated with Ilizarov fixation. J Pediatr Orthop 2005; 25 (04) 523-528
28 Strong AL, Agarwal S, Cederna PS, Levi B. Peripheral neuropathy and nerve compression syndromes in burns. Clin Plast Surg 2017; 44 (04) 793-803
29 Schneider JC, Qu HD. Neurologic and musculoskeletal complications of burn injuries. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 2011; 22 (02) 261-275 , vi
30 Wakefield CJ, Hamid KS, Lee S, Lin J, Holmes Jr GB, Bohl DD. Transfer of the posterior tibial tendon for chronic peroneal nerve palsy. JBJS Rev 2021; 9 (07)
31 Kornhaber R, Foster N, Edgar D. et al. The development and impact of heterotopic ossification in burns: a review of four decades of research. Scars Burn Heal 2017; 3: 20 59513117695659
32 Sun Y, Lin Y, Chen Z, Breland A, Lineaweaver WC, Zhang F. Heterotopic ossification in burn patients. Ann Plast Surg 2022; 88 (2, Suppl 2): S134-S137
33 Markes AR, Venishetty N, Gatto A, Swarup I. Pediatric heterotopic ossification: a comprehensive review. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med 2023; 16 (11) 514-520
34 Schneider JC, Simko LC, Goldstein R. et al. Predicting heterotopic ossification early after burn injuries: a risk scoring system. Ann Surg 2017; 266 (01) 179-184
35 Ranganathan K, Loder S, Agarwal S. et al. Heterotopic ossification: basic-science principles and clinical correlates. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2015; 97 (13) 1101-1111 Erratum in: J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2015 Sep 2;97(17):e59. Wong, Victor C [corrected to Wong, Victor W]. PMID: 26135077; PMCID: PMC6948799
36 Gaur A, Sinclair M, Caruso E, Peretti G, Zaleske D. Heterotopic ossification around the elbow following burns in children: results after excision. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2003; 85 (08) 1538-1543
37 Manske MC, Hanel DP. Postburn contractures of the elbow and heterotopic ossification. Hand Clin 2017; 33 (02) 375-388
38 Yu S, Chen M, Fan C. Team approach: elbow contracture due to heterotopic ossification. JBJS Rev 2017; 5 (01) 018 74474-201701000-00004
39 Geller JS, Allegra PR, Seldon CS. et al. Primary versus secondary radiotherapy for heterotopic ossification prevention about the elbow. J Orthop Trauma 2022; 36 (02) e56-e61
40 Davis E, Williams K, Matheney TH, Snyder B, Marcus KJ, Shore BJ. Radiation prophylaxis for hip salvage surgery in cerebral palsy: can we reduce the incidence of heterotopic ossification?. J Pediatr Orthop 2019; 39 (05) e386-e391
41 Chen HC, Yang JY, Chuang SS, Huang CY, Yang SY. Heterotopic ossification in burns: our experience and literature reviews. Burns 2009; 35 (06) 857-862
42 Klein GL. Disruption of bone and skeletal muscle in severe burns. Bone Res 2015; 3: 15002
43 Schryver E, Klein GL, Herndon DN, Suman OE, Branski LK, Sousse LE. Bone metabolism in pediatric burned patients: a review. Burns 2018; 44 (08) 1863-1869
44 Mayes T, Gottschlich M, Scanlon J, Warden GD. Four-year review of burns as an etiologic factor in the development of long bone fractures in pediatric patients. J Burn Care Rehabil 2003; 24 (05) 279-284
45 Klein GL. Pharmacologic Treatments to preserve bone and muscle mass in osteosarcopenia. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2020; 18 (03) 228-231